History:
The oldest way to decorate and make precious stones look more beautiful is to carve shapes and letters on them. Gemstones are thought to have been cut for the first time in India. Until the beginning of the 15th century, the cutting and polishing of precious gems was limited to the polishing of natural plates. which must be clear and colorful and the result was only to make the crystal look brighter and better. Opaque stones such as agate were also cut and polished with emery stone for a better effect. It is generally believed that the cutting of gemstones started in the 15th century and was somewhat completed and common. For a relatively long time, stone cutting techniques were among the secrets and few people knew about it.

From the 16th century, the city of "Idar Oberstein" in West Germany became the center of cutting agate and other colored and precious stones. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the cities of "Amsterdam" and "Antwerp" have become famous as diamond cutting and selling centers.

Precious and semi-precious stones, which are also called gems and jewels, refer to a group of mineral materials that are different from other minerals and stones due to the presence of some properties in them. Most gems are mineral crystals. In order for a piece of high-quality and precious mineral stone to be created, the situation and environment must be completely favorable.

Most geologists believe that the inner part of the molten material that gradually cools and crystallizes is the creator of gem stones. According to scientists, this can be done in several months or weeks. Diamonds usually crystallize deep in the earth, where the heat and pressure are extremely high. The knowledge and use of colorful and beautiful gems, or in other words, jewels, is seven thousand years old, and among the first known gemstones are agate, quartz, amber, garnet, green jade, jade, emerald, and turquoise. win. Precious stones are an indicator of wealth and personality, and rulers used gems made from these precious minerals.

The value and preciousness of gems is due to some properties, such as color, strength, beauty and luster that exist in them. Apart from these, scarcity is not ineffective in their desirability and raising their prices. Precious and semi-precious stones are either simple and colorless or have beautiful and stunning colors. A piece of precious stone will be colorless if it is chemically pure, like a diamond, which is pure carbon. The presence of a small amount of oxide in ruby ​​causes red light to break down and reflect, and the presence of chromium oxide causes green color in emerald and green jade. The angles of the crown or the top part of a gem, as well as the angles of its base, created by cutting, have a significant effect on the abundance of brightness and color.

Therefore, the better the fit of the stone cutting, the more beautiful and effective it will be. Gemstones are mounted on bases of gold or platinum, and it is still the same, and in addition, they are mounted on other metals such as silver, etc. In the past periods, in addition to their material value, precious stones had more aspects of magic and were considered as talismans for jewelry owners. It was also believed that precious stones are effective as healers of diseases and physical ailments. Recently, some countries have chosen a type of precious stones that are mined as the symbol of their country.